Volume 21 Issue 4 December 2017 Paper 620
Modeling And Optimization Of The Energy Production Based On Eo-Synchro Application
Mohamad ISSA, Éric DUBÉ, Mohammadjavad MOBARRA, Jean FISET, Adrian ILINCA
In this paper, we are studying an innovative solution to reduce fuel consumption and production cost for electricity production by diesel generators. The solution is particularly suitable for remote areas where the cost of energy is very high not only of inherent cost of technology but also due to transportation cost. After a brief description of power generation based on an conventional synchronous alternator, the attention is focused on the Eo-Synchro concept. Then an innovative approach for optimizing the energy is proposed; it is based from the fact that the structure that contains the stator windings of the alternator is mounted on roller bearings which allows its free rotation around the axis of the rotor, consequently stopping the rotor structure from being static and aims to minimize the unit cost of electricity. Our model yields improved performance on fuel saving at all generator load stages compared to the conventional model. Experimental results on a 75kW Diesel Generator (DG) validate the performance of the proposed model.
Keywords — Diesel generator, power generation system, electrical machines, control of rotor speed, control of stator speed, Eo-Synchro concept, fuel saving.
Volume 21 Issue 4 December 2017 Paper 619
Review of IDGTE technical papers published from 1913-2016
David Robbins, Ronald Hunt
IDGTE is the place where all involved in the power and engine industries can develop their knowledge in the field of diesel engines, gas engines, gas turbines and related
technologies. We are unique in being dedicated to these Technologies.
This review is being presented in order to assist members, researchers and others to get the best out of the IDGTE papers archive and with the objective of encouraging others to contribute to the archive by submitting papers for publication. A listing of all archived papers and analysis by subject, area of interest and sources is available from www.idgte.org. Up to the end 2016 there have been more than 632 papers published by the institution. The technologies to be found in the archive include reciprocating engines, diesel and gas engines, gas turbines, off-shore installations, power plants, combined cycle, marine engines, rail traction, automotive engines, road transport, emergency power and standby power. In addition to the engine itself the archive includes many papers on the associated, supporting technologies and control systems. The
source of these papers is truly international with 30 countries having submitted papers and the list also identifies over 180 individual entities who have papers published.
The review also looks at the continuing role of the IDGTE papers programme today, the papers archive in the digital age and how to get papers published in the IDGTE programme.
The papers archive is a highly valued benefit and free for members to access. It is a treasure trove of information on engine technology gathered over the last 100 years and is still active and growing. The papers are available on application to non-members @ £9.50 each.
Volume 21 Issue 3 October 2017 Paper 618
New sensor technology for exhaust gas temperature
Patrice FLOT and Alain MESLATI, CMR Group, FRANCE
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) sensors measure the highest temperatures on reciprocating engines. Technical scope includes the full exhaust gas circuit, the after treatment system (which is in close proximity to the turbines), rear of the cylinder head exhaust valves, and on occasion, inside the actual combustion chambers where the hot gases are generated.
The paper quickly highlights the pros and cons of the current types of EGT sensitive elements, in relation to the constraints encountered when measuring exhaust gas temperatures. Then it focuses on new capabilities brought by digital sensors, showing the range of competitive advantages experienced from the very first sensors introduced onto high horsepower engine platforms.
Volume 21 Issue 2 July 2017 Paper 617
Considerations when Paralleling Generating Sets
Robert Patrick, Cummins Power Generation
Applications where several generating sets are paralleled together are quite common today. Either to supply electrical power to a facility in island mode or paralleled together with the utility in an infinite bus topology.
Standby generators are frequently paralleled together to protect critical applications such as hospitals or data centres in the event of a failure from the utility. In other situations they are used for periodic emergency support to directly back-up the national electricity network. Then there is the scenario where a utility supply is not even available and paralleled groups provide the only source of reliable energy to a specific site. The configurations are immense.
Whatever the application, paralleling is a fundamental concept in power generation and invariably introduces specific challenges that must be overcome.
Volume 21 Issue 2 July 2017 Paper 617
Medium combustion plants Directive: Emissions limits
Pedro Ponte, Cummins Power Generation
Over the past decade, raised awareness and concern over the effect of engine exhaust emissions has led to the introduction of more and more stringent regulatory limits around the world, leading to a significant reduction of pollutant emissions.
Despite this, the level of air pollution in many places is still problematic. Even though the impact of current legislation has been significant, there are still gaps and not all applications are regulated. With this in mind, on 25 November 2015 the European Parliament signed a new directive that regulates emission limits from medium combustion plants.
Volume 21 Issue 1 April 2017 Paper 616
World’s first ethane-powered marine vessels
Grant Gassner, Paolo Cenini, jell Ove Ulstein and Carlo Contessi – Wärtsilä Marine Solutions
Originally designed to run on LNG, MDO and HFO, the Dragon class vessels were meant to use LNG as fuel when trading ethane and other LPG cargos. However, logistical challenges with LNG and extremely favourable price development of ethane led to the idea to use LEG cargo boil-off as fuel. Wärtsilä worked in close collaboration with Evergas and INEOS to make the world’s first ethane powered marine vessels a reality.
Volume 21 Issue 1 April 2017 Paper 615
World’s first ethane-powered marine vessels
Grant Gassner, Paolo Cenini, jell Ove Ulstein and Carlo Contessi – Wärtsilä Marine Solutions
Originally designed to run on LNG, MDO and HFO, the Dragon class vessels were meant to use LNG as fuel when trading ethane and other LPG cargos. However, logistical challenges with LNG and extremely favourable price development of ethane led to the idea to use LEG cargo boil-off as fuel. Wärtsilä worked in close collaboration with Evergas and INEOS to make the world’s first ethane powered marine vessels a reality.
Volume 20 Issue 4 December 2016 Paper 614
Gas turbine air filter system optimization
by James DiCampli & Jack Pan, GE Power & Water and Mark Arsenault, American Air Filter Ltd
Proper air filtration is critical to the overall performance and reliability of gas turbines. Fuel costs approach 80%of the life cycle cost of electricity. Small gains in efficiency can mean huge savings. With fuel costs of around $16.00/mmBTU and higher in Asia, operational savings can be achieved through improved compressor performance using High Efficiency (HEPA) air filters. Operators can see greatly reduced maintenance costs as a result of a much cleaner engine, quantified by less frequent inspections, fewer shutdowns, and higher availability. HEPA filtration can maintain optimum GT efficiency throughout the life of the filter. This paper will explore the decision criteria required in selecting an optimum air filtration solution, with a goal of maximizing gas turbine availability and lowering operating costs. Through case studies and analysis, the review will explore the impacts on essential filter parameters and their impact on gas turbine operations and maintenance.
Volume 20 Issue 3 September 2016 Paper 613
Flowmaster gas turbine system modelling
Sergio Antioquia, Mentor Graphics
In the gas turbine field there are two traditional applications of CFD methods. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling is usually applied at component and sub-component level, in order to study and optimise parts like compressor and turbine blades, or combustor sections. Alternatively, the one-dimensional (1D) approach is usually focussed at the system level, as simulations can be run much faster by assuming that the dominant flows are 1D in nature. Flowmaster is a 1D thermo-fluid code that can provide solutions for systems such as fuel, blade cooling and lubrication networks, as well as secondary airflow applications via its dedicated swirl solver. Its unique capabilities to model the secondary airflow inside cavities effectively allow for a pseudo-3D calculation, increasing the model fidelity, without incurring the time penalty of a 3D approach. This secondary airflow module combines modelling of cross sections of the engine (likely a 2D view, considering the axial symmetry) with dedicated components, allowing the user to predict the effect on performance due to the airflow that is either bled into the secondary air system or lost through the small gaps in the engine. It combines this technology with a number of specific components, such as labyrinth or brush seals, or sets of orifices, which can help to optimise the actual model and increase the efficiency. Finally, future developments in the module will allow a direct 1D (system level) and 3D (component level) integration, reducing time and increasing resolution at once.
Volume 20 Issue 3 September 2016 Paper 612
Hybrid power generation for remote communities and industrial facilities
G Cooper & Sedighy, Hatch, Canada
The demand for cost-effective and reliable power supply networks for remote communities and mining operations has been generating new opportunities for renewable power projects worldwide. Typically, the primary fuel option for remote sites is light fuel oil No. 2 (also commonly referred to as diesel). The all-in costs of power generation can average $0.25/kWh (Canadian Dollars, “CAD”) and for smaller systems at difficult to reach locations can reach to more than 1$/kWh (CAD). These economic features provide a landscape where unsubsidized small solar and wind power installations can be cost competitive on a levelized cost basis over the life of the project. However while the intermittent generation and output variation inherent to renewables can be absorbed by large interconnected transmission systems, thedynamic performance of solar and wind systems has a more severe impact on small isolated/captive power systems. This paper describes key design approaches, equipment limitations, and control systems for the hybridization of renewable and fossil fueled power sources while presenting a featured project at a mining location in the Canadian Artic.
Volume 20 Issue 2 June 2016 Paper 611
Gas turbine performance adaptation for an aeroderivative gas turbine engine power station
Dr Tomas Alvarez – ENDESA, Dr T Nikolaidis, Dr M Diakostefanis, Dr S Sampath and Prof P Pilidis – Cranfield University
Gas turbine based power plant operators are facing challenges in the ever changing and complex power demand pattern from the grid. These arise from a variety of circumstances comprising of changing load demand requirements, fluctuation of fuel prices and environmental pressures. These changes result in modifications to the maintenance requirements where, often, there is not sufficient prior experience.
In this commercial environment the deployment of analytical tools and methods can provide valuable insights to help refine operational decisions with improved knowledge. The work described here is based on an industry-academia collaboration where gas path diagnostic techniques developed in academia are being deployed in a power station in an island grid. The gas turbine in question is a triple spool aero derivative gas turbine used for power production.
The first step towards diagnostics is to establish an accurate performance simulation model of the gas turbine under consideration, based on information available in the public domain and inputs provided by the collaborating power plant. This process has been termed as gas turbine model adaptation. This is the exercise described here comprising private company data, public data and targeted estimates by the research team. This exercise of adapting a model based on information publicly available, plant specific data obtained from the power plant and engineering judgement used by the research team has resulted in a strong platform which will act as the foundation for the development of diagnostics methods for the plant.
Volume 20 Issue 2 June 2016 Paper 610
Power augmentation of existing CCGTs and OCGTs by injection of hot compressed air
James Macnaghten, CEO, Isentropic Ltd
Isentropic Ltd has developed a compressed air energy storage system intended to address the operational issues of existing and new build Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), by allowing for faster ramping, greater turndown, and shifting of power from periods of low profitability to periods of high profitability. The Isentropic® GTI-Storage system currently being patented by Isentropic Ltd is based on the process of extraction, storage and subsequent reinjection of hot compressed air back into the gas turbine in a CCGT power plant. Air extraction and air injection has been done in gas turbine plants in the past and this system utilises this process, but with the addition of thermal storage.
Two system variants are identified, incorporated into a single shaft CCGT plant: and increasing resolution at once.
(i) Rapid Response and
(ii) Enhanced Turndown
In this paper, both system variants are assessed in detail with an accompanying explanation of their main features and forecast costs.
Volume 20 Issue 1 March 2016 Paper 609
British Tank Engines of World War I
Trevor Owen
This paper traces the history of development of engines for British tanks which were used during World War I. The initial engine selection was strictly limited as there was only one petrol engine in production in the UK that could provide the required minimum power within an acceptable size. The diesel engines of the era were too large and underpowered.
The initial selection proved to be a liability in service with a significant list of problems which affected its performance and reliability in action, including the production of clouds of blue smoke that gave warning to the enemy forces of a pending attack.
It was therefore necessary to develop and produce a replacement engine on a top priority basis. Harry Ricardo was engaged to undertake the task commencing in October 1916 and he was assisted with the design and production work by George Windeler, Chief Engineer of Mirrlees Bickerton and Day (who later became President of DEUA). The new engine was in volume production by April 1917 having previously met all the onerous design requirements during the prototype testing phase. It was the first engine to be manufactured in volume by multiple engine manufacturers within the UK with full interchangeability of parts.
The paper incorporates feedback on problems and service results from various publications and also from some unpublished notes by Ricardo.
Volume 20 Issue 1 March 2016 Paper 608
The Life of a CCGT Power Station Engineering Design Life versus The Commercial World
Peter Tottman, Barking Power Limited
This paper gives a technical review of the development, construction, operation and decommissioning of the 1,000MW Barking CCGT Power Station; setting out the overall performance of the project, both technical and financial, the engineering challenges that the project encountered and its closure. Suggestions are made as to the importance of end-of-life planning for engineering plant.
The power station closed before its technical life had expired, giving rise to an engineering question “How do engineers reconcile their decision making during the design and operation of assets to the realities of the commercial world, so as to adhere to their Code of Conduct requirement that Members shall take all reasonable steps to avoid waste of natural resources, damage to the environment, and damage or destruction of man-made products?”
The premature closure of Barking, along with other stations from the Dash-for-Gas era, poses the question -is the initial investment and exit decision making of a free market privatised industry suboptimal when compared to a public centrally controlled industry, and to what extent do the supposed cost benefits of privatisation outweigh the cost of suboptimal asset utilisation?
Volume 19 Issue 4 December 2015 Paper 607
MAN B&W Stationary Engines – Alternative Fuels
Helle Gotfredsen, MAN Diesel & Turbo
The demand for energy and technological development is increasing worldwide.
Ideas, proven by operational experience on reciprocating engines with the highest possible efficiency level, are subject to renewed interest. This paper deals with the use of alternative fuels in MAN B&W two-stroke low speed engines for stationary application.
Volume 19 Issue 3 September 2015 Paper 606
Efficiency gains by bottoming reciprocating engines with an ORC
Thomas Clark, ElectraTherm Inc.
Reciprocating engine power generation efficiencies are well defined and understood, but significant increases are hard to find, costly and could add additional complexity and maintenance to the end user. One consideration is to investigate the value of the waste heat created by the engine, where in most instances today waste heat is just released to the atmosphere via the engine’s radiator and exhaust.
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology is not new, but in recent years with the development of smaller packaged commercial ORC units, new and existing reciprocating engines are being retrofitted to turn the wasted thermal energy into increased power output. With the commercialization of lower temperature ORC systems, jacket water and exhaust are excellent sources of energy that can be converted into fuel savings. The ORC uses this previously wasted heat for additional fuel free, emission free power. ORC configurations can utilize either high temperature (exhaust), low temperature (jacket water) or a combination of both, demonstrating fuel efficiency gains up to 12%. The cooling power of the ORC also allows it to act as the engine’s radiator – saving on capital and displacing up to 30% of the ORC’s initial upfront cost. Instead of purchasing a radiator, an integrated ORC can become a radiator with a payback. For systems consuming diesel fuel, paybacks in fewer than 2-3 years are achievable.
This paper demonstrates the potential of low temperature ORC technology coupled to reciprocating engines with applications throughout manyindustries. Also described is information about technical aspects of ORC machines, including the specific differentiation of ElectraTherm’stechnology, fleet experience, robustness of design, and other attributes to consider when choosing an ORC for engine applications. The paperidentifies specific examples and experiences from ElectraTherm installations in Europe and North America. Finally, the paper identifies important site considerations and payback scenarios analysis for engine users to have a full understanding of a complete project.
Volume 19 Issue 3 September 2015 Paper 605
The diesel cycle verified for methanol operation
Helle Gotfredsen, MAN Diesel & Turbo
In 2012 MAN Diesel & Turbo decided to expand the engine portfolio with engine designs that allow operation on fuels with low flashpoints.
Since then, nine engines of the 50-bore MAN B&W engine design intended for operation on methanol have been ordered. The orders placed are based on MAN Diesel & Turbo’s proven ME-LGI design concept and the engines will be delivered in 2015 from various licensees.
On 17 March 2015, the first test on methanol was completed at MAN Diesel & Turbo’s Diesel Research Centre in Copenhagen, Denmark, in the pres-ence of classification societies, ship-owners, licensees and fuel gas system makers. This technical paper focuses on the technical data obtained from this test and the subsequent test made on a 4-cylinder engine in Japan.
Volume 19 Issue 2 (June 2015) Paper 604
Adsorption: A simple and cost-effective solution to remove varnish
Bryan Holden, C.C. Jensen Ltd and Scott Taylor, Sembcorp Utilities (UK) Ltd
Varnish has emerged as one of the most destructive of oil contaminants in industry. Just like heat, particle and moisture contamination, varnish acts as a so-called soft contaminant that severely degrades the lubricant and impacts machine reliability.
A major issue is that varnish is known to be smaller than the size ratings of most filters and, therefore, cannot be removed using conventional pore-size related filtration. This article focuses on adsorption – a practical, simple and relatively low-cost solution to varnish removal.
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules to a solid surface. Adsorptive filtration is the retention of particles to a filter medium by electrostatic forces or by molecular attraction. For better understanding, it is helpful to address four common myths related to varnish removal.
Volume 19 Issue 2 (June 2015)Paper 603
Optimisation of GT air intake filtration through the implementation of water-removal technologies
Gianluca de Arcangelis TT Filtration
Gas turbine air intake filtration (AIF hereafter) has become a popular topic in view of the risks and costs provided by letting dirt and corrosive and erosive particles through to the compressor and to the GT hot parts. As a result, nowadays most GT operators seek to install EPA filters.
It is important to consider that traditional filtration technologies are strictly ‘air’ filters, while the environment in real life presents important challenges to separate water, fog and high humidity.
The choice of prefilters is critical since these should aim to guarantee that no free water particles leach through, as well as a long life. This paper provides details of such new filtration technologies.
Volume 19 Issue 1 (March 2015) Paper 602
Economic evaluation of online washing for a heavy duty gas turbine operation
Uyioghosa Igie, Pericles Pilidis, Daniel Giesecke and Orlando Minervino – Gas Turbine Engineering Group, Cranfield University and Paul Lambart – R-MC Power Recovery Ltd
Compressor fouling is known to degrade the performance of gas turbine engines and online washing has shown to be promising in mitigating the effects of fouling. Despite some of the positive findings from actual engine operation or laboratory experiments presented in open literature, there is yet no study that addresses the economic viability of this technology. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the performance (power) enhancement benefit of washing outweighs the capital investment and recurring cost for a heavy duty gas turbine.
The study applies actual engine data for a case of continuous operation for a period of one year. The engine is known to be degraded due to compressor fouling and results from previous experimental study of online washing has been implemented to predict the changes in the capacity.
Executing online washing every 10 days, at a constant recovery rate of 30% translated to an additional profit of £236,000 (after deducting the operational and maintenance cost of washing) due to improved capacity for the 240MW plant in that year. The return on investment and payback period were calculated and the results indicate 163% and 0.66 years respectively, while washing more than one engine proved more beneficial. The investigation clearly indicates the potential economic benefit of online washing as well as demonstrating the viability for a heavy duty industrial gas turbine engine for base load operation.
Volume 18 Issue 4 (December 2014) Paper 601
Fuel Flexibility Done Right
MAN B&W ME-GI-S and MAN B&W LGI-S for stationary applications
MAN Diesel & Turbo
This paper deals with the latest developments of the MAN B&W ME-GI-S and ME-LGI-S dual fuel two-stroke low speed diesel engines and associated fuel gas supply systems.
The discussion about and the requirement for lowering CO2, NOx, SOx and particulate emissions have increased operators’ and owners’ interest in investigating future fuel alternatives. The MAN B&W ME-GI-S and ME-LGI-S engines offer the opportunity of utilising such alternatives, also for stationary application.
The gaseous/liquid fuel flexibility makes the MAN B&W ME-GI-S and ME-LGI-S engines an obvious choice for projects where the engine is connected to interruptible gas supply systems or where a switch/mixing ratio among various fuels is required for various reasons.
Volume 18 Issue 3 (September 2014) Paper 600
Extended Fuels Capability of Siemens’ SGT-400 DLE Combustion System
Brian M Igoe, Expert Proposal Manager (FEED) and Andy Stocker, Product Manager SGT-400, Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd, Lincoln
To meet the growing demand to operate on gaseous fuels with little or no treatment, or use fuels derived from a variety of waste conversion processes Siemens Energy has extended the fuels capability of its’ product range, especially the Dry Low Emissions combustion system. Fuels containing high levels of inert species, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, lower the effective Wobbe Index of the fuels, thus needing increased fuel mass flow to achieve the same energy content.
This paper presents the development process along with the results achieved to accommodate a wide range of fuels. Discrete changes were required in the DLE burner hardware allowing fuel flows to be achieved at similar supply pressures and combustor pressure drop as for standard fuels thus ensuring combustion characteristics were not compromised.
Some applications are presented and discussed covering both on-shore and off-shore duty, including the most recent application on the SGT-400 using a weak bio-gas derived from an ethanol production plant. A gas only solution was applied, requiring careful management of the control parameters to achieve acceptable starting and transient operation through to the application of load.
This programme demonstrates the ability of the Siemens DLE combustor to accommodate a wide range of fuels.
Volume 18 Issue 2 (June 2014) Paper 599
Energy storage in the UK and Republic of Ireland electricity grids
Dr Jim Mooney, University of the West of Scotland
The widespread adoption of wind power generation as a means of providing electrical energy has brought significant changes to electrical power distribution systems in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). These two countries are both remote from continental Europe with limited interconnection to the European electricity distribution network, and also have limitations in terms of grid interconnection within and between these two countries. As the amount of grid-connected wind generation capacity increases there are challenges in terms of integrating the variable nature of wind generation, however, there are also opportunities arising from the changing mix of generation taking place in the UK and ROI. This paper discusses a method of integrating the operation of wind generators with Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) and energy storage in the form of hydrogen.
Hydrogen acts as a storable ‘energy carrier’ that can be either converted back into electricity thus providing a balancing service to electricity generators and suppliers, or used as a ‘zero emissions’ fuel for other applications, such as transport. [1] Hydrogen (H2) can be produced from water and electricity by means of electrolysis. It has a very high energy density and can be stored in caverns practically without loss in virtually unlimited quantities for unlimited periods. This makes it ideally suited for storing energy for periods of weeks or whole seasons. Furthermore H2 can be converted back into electricity using fuel-cells, gas turbines or gas engines. Other options being explored for hydrogen include injection into the natural gas network.
Volume 18 Issue 1 (March 2014) – Paper 598
Flexible conventional generation plant, with full flue gas abatement
Peter Grima, Enemalta Corporation, Malta
The Maltese electrical system is quite typical of small island power systems, and differs significantly from larger European ones in a number of key areas. Enemalta Corporation is the state owned vertically integrated utility and Malta has derogations from the Internal Electricity Market Directive on the requirement to open its market and on third party access to the network, making the Maltese Electricity Market effectively a single buyer/single seller structure. Typical of such small systems, is the lack of economies of scale which both increases operating costs and makes the usual way of unbundling and privatisation unfeasible.
At present Enemalta operates two Power Stations, which supply all the electrical power needs of the Islands of Malta and Gozo. These stations with a total combined nominal installed capacity of 620MW, are interconnected together by means of the HV distribution network. Malta has no indigenous primary energy resources and therefore Enemalta relies entirely on imported fuels, mainly heavy fuel oil and light distillate, although there are plans to construct a floating LNG storage and regasification plant at Marsaxlokk, adjacent to Delimara Power station. Once the interconnector is commissioned and put into service by the end of 2014, the older power station at Marsa will be decommissioned.
Volume 17 Issue 4 (December 2013) Paper 596
GE’s integrated GTCC and fulfilment of grid code requirements
Maximum Buquet – Operability Systems Integration Leader and Christian Solacolu – Controls & Electrical Consulting Engineer, GE Power & Water
Frequency stability is one of the prevailing concerns of a Transmission System Operator (TSO) whose aim and duty is the reliable operation of the grid. Operation of the electrical grids must be reliable, handling future generation mix, whilst often being constrained by existing infrastructure. To help meet these challenges, TSOs have developed grid codes. Among other requirements, grid codes define minimum performance requirements of generating units connected to the grid.
This paper focuses on one important aspect of grid codes, which is grid frequency support.
Volume 17 Issue 3 (September 2013) – Paper 595
THE SGT-300 twin-shaft – the latest addition to Siemens’ GT portfolio
Christian Engelbert and Darrell Helas, Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd, Lincoln
Siemens Lincoln site has been designing and manufacturing industrial gas turbines since the late 1940’s.
With the introduction of its latest gas turbine, Siemens now proudly looks back at decades of engineering, manufacturing and operational expertise.
This paper looks at the heritage of Siemens’ small industrial turbines through to today’s business, the current product portfolio and typical applications. It examines how a ‘Product Family’ has been evolved via technology programmes. Scaled axial compressor technology is discussed as an example. An insight is given to how this ‘evolutionary technology’ approach has been applied to the latest SGT-300 twin shaft engine to ensure industry leading standards of reliability and availability.
Volume 17 Issue 2 (June 2013) – Paper 593
Ten years hard labour in Mombasa
Graham Dilliway, BSc CEng FIMechE FIET Hon FIPowerE
This paper examines all aspects of the work, skill and dedication that in the last twelve years have gone into the engineering, design, construction and operation of the Kipevu 2 diesel power plant in Mombasa. The plant is internationally recognised both by lenders and investors as a great success in terms of its operating reliability, power availability, energy dispatch and heat rate.
The paper also looks at some of the near-misses and incidents that have occurred during the first eleven operating years, and considers what might have happened if those near-misses had materialised into actual events. It also looks to the future of the plant, and considers what future events may occur which could impact heavily on its current excellent reputation and productivity.
Volume 17 Issue 1 (March 2013) – Paper 592
Narowal 213MW diesel combined cycle – overview of project from initial concept to commercial operation
Brian Kinsella and Stephen O’Gorman, Mott MacDonald Ireland Limited
Pakistan is a developing economy and its projected load growth in electrical power demand over the next ten years is expected to be at least 1,500MW per annum. There are many power plant technology alternatives being considered to meet this demand including hydro, open cycle gas turbine (OCGT), combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), conventional steam turbine generation (STG) and diesel engine driven power plant. This power growth is located in the major cities of Pakistan, for example, in Lahore which is located in the Punjab region and has a population of circa 8.5 million. Power cuts during the Summer peak demand period are regular occurrences. This problem is compounded in certain less populated areas of the country where one such area is Narowal in the Punjab, a town which is located approximately 10km from the Indian border and 120km North East of Lahore.
Volume 16 Issue 4 (December 2012) – Paper 590
Implementing improvements to gas turbine air inlet filtration – an operator’s perspective
Scott Taylor and Stuart Lax, Sembcorp Utilities (UK) Ltd
This paper looks at an operator’s experiences and learning during the implementation of improvements to a gas turbine air inlet filtration system during the first few years of operation.
The operator, Sembcorp Utilities UK (Sembcorp), is a subsidiary of Singapore-based Sembcorp Industries, and is the leading industrial utilities and services business on Teesside and one of the largest in the UK, providing steam and electricity to the major manufacturers on the Wilton International site. As part of its combined heat and power operations Sembcorp now run two General Electric Frame 6B gas turbines at the Wilton International site.
Volume 16 Issue 3 (September 2012) – Paper 589
Gas processing, side stream alternative use
Stefan Falten, Wartsila Finland Oy
Gas conditioning produces different gas/liquid mixes that in the traditional downstream engineering process end up in defined products and by-products. Upstream gas, or gas and oil hydrocarbon fields do not necessarily turn up where the ethylene production is in its infancy or even well established, and even with access to modern supply chain management supply and demand techniques some of the by-products can be a challenge to find useful outlets. Gas processing intrinsically requires energy conversion in both forms of power and heat, therefore using by-products as free or minimum CapEx investment for a fuel source would maximise the main export sales gas amount produced. Full utilisation of all traditional downstream by-products, or even intermediate streams could dramatically simplify the gas conditioning plant design. A combustion gas engine with suitable properties to accept rich or lean fuel gas with wide variations is used to provide power and heat.
Volume 16 Issue 3 (September 2012) – Paper 588
Addressing the cause of varnishing in gas turbine lubrication systems
John A Platt BSc(Hons) AIMechE FIPowerE, Global Technical Manager, Castrol Power, BP plc
Varnishing in modern gas turbine lubrication and control systems is an increasingly common problem which often results in serious impact on reliability and availably of the plant.
The problem of varnishing in lubrication systems is only too well known, but is generally not well understood. This paper seeks to impart an understanding of the lubricant properties and characteristics which affect its ability to resist varnish formation and, with reference to over 800,000 hours of successful operation under varying service conditions, to demonstrate that by careful formulation and appropriate selection of the lubricant, together with correct monitoring and control, it is possible to effectively address the root cause of varnishing thereby delivering a valuable contribution to reliability, availability and optimisation of the asset.
Volume 16 Issue 2 (June 2012) – Paper 587
Diesel power for UK rail traction
Trevor Owen CEng CMarEng MIPowerE FIMechE FIMarEST
One of the major applications of diesel power in the UK since the 1950s has been for rail traction purposes. This article traces the use of diesel power from the earliest shunting locomotive in the current main line locomotives, but excludes diesel multiple units (DMU).
Volume 16 Issue 2 (June 2012)
The influence of CO2 in fuel on engine parameters
Marcel Skarohlid, Josef Bozek Research Centre of Engine and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague
The removing/clearing of CO2 from gaseous fuels as adulterant is a contemporary trend. To the contrary with this trend the presented paper describes benefits of CO2 fuel content on basic engine parameters like indicated mean effective pressure, indicated efficiency and NOx production. This paper analyses trade off between air excess, ignition timing and CO2 fuel mass fraction in detail.
Volume 16 Issue 1 (March 2012) – Paper 586
Protecting critical equipment, reducing operating costs and safeguarding against downtime through on-line oil condition monitoring
Dr Stuart Lunt, Kittiwake Developments Ltd, UK
Oil condition monitoring is a vital part of integrated asset health management. With an increasing impetus towards real-time decision making, delays incurred in offline laboratory oil analysis are becoming less acceptable. At present, several oil quality parameters can be monitored by commercially available sensors, and active research and development programmes are being pursued by both academic and industrial researchers to develop robust, cost effective sensors for the remaining key parameters.
Volume 16 Issue 1 (March 2012)
Technological and economic aspects of two years operation of the biogas co-generation set at the Warta SA waste treatment plant in Czestochowa, Poland
Adam Duzynski, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
As early as the 1970s, the Warta SA waste treatment plant in Czestochowa, and actually its predecessor – the Warta SA Commercial Water Company, undertook, on the initiative of Prof Karol Cupial from the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Control Technology (IMTiTS PCz) – presently the Institute of Thermal Machinery at the Czestochowa University of Technology – Poland’s first trials on the utilisation of biogas, a by-product of anaerobic sewage sludge fermentation, by using it for supplying piston engine-driven gas cogeneration sets. In the 1980s, the manufacture of a family of 100-300kW Wola Henschel gas engines was started up in co-operation with ZMiN Wola of Warsaw, and in the 90s, jointly with H Cegielski of Poznan, Poland’s largest and most modern heat and power-generating set with an 8A20G (600kW/1,000 min-1) engine with the recovery of engine, oil and blend cooling heat and exhaust gas heat was constructed and thoroughly tested. The cogeneration set complete with this engine had been commercially operated in the Warta SA waste treatment plant in Czestochowa by IMTiTS PCz employees up to 2006, and then, in 2008, it was sold and replaced with a cogeneration set driven by a larger-power GE Jenbacher engine.
Volume 15 Issue 5 (December 2011) – Paper 584
The propulsion of merchant ships: The case for LNG – the new era?
T W Page, IEng, MIMarEST, FIPowerE, Wartsila UK Ltd
The fundamental changes in ship propulsion over the last century or more have been driven by economical pressures and resultant technological development. The first major change from coal firing to oil was a gradual process during the first half of the 20th century.
Volume 14 & 15 Issue 4
Operational Report (combined edition) 2009/2010 Data
Compiled by Tom Woodford, Guernsey Electricity
Volume 15 Issue 3 (September 2011) – Paper 583
Reducing fuel consumption on the field by continuously measuring fuel quality on electronically fuel injected engines
Mr Patrice Flot, CMR , France, Mr Alain Meslati, CMR, France and
Mr Thierry Delorme, Ecole Centrale Marseille, France
This paper describes the sensor’s hardware and software technologies as well as the expected engine combustion performance improvement resulting from the new control parameters. This sensor can also be used to protect the engine from poor quality fuel.
Volume 15 Issue 2 (June 2011) – Paper 582
The History of the Industrial Gas Turbine (Part 1 The First Fifty Years 1940-1990)
Ronald J Hunt CEng FIMechE FIPowerE , Thermal Power Consultant, Power + Energy Associates
This history of the industrial gas turbine documents the history of the development of gas turbines for land based, locomotive and marine applications. A key part of the history is the documentation of all manufacturers and gas turbine models produced each year since 1940. The aircraft engine is excluded from the scope of the work and only referred to in as far as it related to the development of industrial machines gas turbines. It has not been possible, up to the time of publication, to include every company who were active in the development of industrial gas turbine however the research work is continuing and it is planned to add to this history in due course.
This paper (Part 1) deals with the first fifty years of development of the industrial gas turbine from 1940 to 1990. It is planned that a second paper (Part 2) will be presented later in 2011 covering the period 1990 onwards.
Volume 15 Issue 1 (March 2011) – Paper 581
Efficient combustion of Glycerol and other low cetane fuels in the diesel engine
John McNeil Aquafuel Research, Kent Science Park
This paper covers the ultra efficient low exhaust emission burning of the bio-diesel by-product, and algae formed, pure Glycerine without chemical additives, or processing.
The paper specifically deals with the patented principle behind ignition and efficient combustion of glycerine and other low cetane fuels, together with the manner in which the process lends itself to CHP applications.
Volume 15 Issue 1 (March 2011) – Paper 580
Stationary MAN B&W MC-S engines for biofuel applications
Helle Gotfredsen, MAN B&W
In recent years, the stationary diesel engine market has seen a demand for units running on biofuel. The nature of this demand is driven by the desire to be CO2 neutral, based on reliable, fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly power generation for both public utilities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
This demand is being met by modern marine application derivative medium speed diesel gensets and two-stroke low speed crosshead uniflow diesel engines, capable of burning almost any mineral fuel available on the market, whether liquid or gaseous.
This paper deals with the application scenarios of such engines and their biofuel capability and describes the installation examples of such engines.
Volume 14 Issue 5 (December 2010) – Paper 578
Dhekelia ICE – a modern fast track low speed plant
Knud Hvidtfeldt Rasmussen, Burmeister & Wain Scandinavian Contract A/S
Dhekelia Internal Combustion Engines – ICE – is a 50 MW diesel power plant located on the east coast of Cyprus, north of Larnaka. The plant was contracted in November 2007 and handed over in May 2009. The Dhekelia plant is a conventional plant with 3 low speed diesel engines of type MAN-B&W Mitsui 12K50MC-S, each of 18 MW at 176.5 rpm. The plant is sea water cooled.
This paper describes the plant, the engine design with a single turbocharger, and the measures taken on design, logistics and construction for accomplishing the fast track execution.
At the time of ordering the plant, suppliers of large components were operating at peak load causing many difficulties resulting in long delivery time. This caused extreme demands for fast action during the erection on site. Due to the single turbocharger arrangement, the structural vibration condition deviates to some extent from well-known behaviour in former plants with similar engines. The “T-mode” vibrations of the engines are controlled by active force compensators.
The plant performance in terms of power and efficiency has been fully satisfactory. As the plant is operated in parallel with steam turbines, the engines are in most of the operation period used with daily start and stop, utilizing the optimal flexibility of the diesel engines. The performance of the engines has been closely monitored with regular port inspections. Very low wear rates of cylinders and piston rings have been demonstrated.
Volume 14 Issue 3 (September/October 2010) – Paper 577
An analysis of micro gas turbines for UK domestic combined heat and power
A Clay and G D Tansley, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham
For Domestic Combined Heat and Power (DCHP) applications, large component losses are inevitable when using a Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) prime mover of 1kW or less due to low mass flows and high operating speeds. MGT research has developed advanced technological strategies to address the particular issues of bearing platform, impeller design and impeller manufacture. This paper seeks to establish the performance criteria for an alternative, low cost MGT DCHP machine via an analytical discussion based on adiabatic, air standard cycle analysis.
Break-even DCHP system efficiencies were derived for various operating strategies; a target prime mover efficiency of 15% was established. The detrimental effect of low component efficiencies on the Brayton cycle made the DCHP performance targets a significant challenge. As a result, a simple cycle machine was considered unsuitable for DCHP application.
A competitive recuperated MGT was deemed suitable only when slightly optimistic turbomachinery efficiencies were considered. The introduction of pressure drops from heat exchange combined with poor component performance produced shallow inflection points on a system efficiency vs. pressure ratio curve. Selecting a pressure ratio below that which corresponded with maximal efficiency reduced shaft speed with some compromise in system efficiency. Both the use of efficient turbomachinery components (at low cost) and an effective heat exchanger with low pressure drops are essential for a successful MGT DCHP unit.
Volume 14 Issue 3 (September/October 2010) – Paper 576
The evolution of gas turbine compressor cleaning
Russ Gordon, R-MC Power Recovery Ltd
This paper looks at the evolution of gas turbine compressor cleaning, and relates it to the various technical advances in the development of gas turbines. It starts with a reminder of how fouling affects the aerodynamics of the compressor and hence the necessity for compressor washing.
The early days of cleaning compressors with very basic materials and methods are described, as used on the relatively unsophisticated types of gas turbines of the time. Moving on through the 60s and 70s and the introduction of single crystal blades and super-alloys, it goes into the move from hand cleaning to cleaning at crank speeds, and so on to the latest cleaning technology employed today.
The development of wash fluids is also presented, from tap water up to the latest sophisticated blends of chemicals.
Evolving nozzle design and positions in the intake plenum is examined in some detail. Increasing air flows, and developments in compressor blade design, have influenced the importance of droplet formation and hence nozzle design.
Environmental legislation is covered briefly, with its influence on gas turbine development and hence cleaning methods.
The degree of automating wash systems is discussed as the efficiency demands on the industry become greater.
Volume 14 Issue 2 (June 2010) – Paper 575
Carbon capture and storage implications for CCGT development
K Foy, Parsons Brinckerhoff
This paper describes the various methods of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) applicable to Gas Turbines (GT) and CCGT plant, focusing on the three most advanced technologies: post-combustion chemical capture of CO2 from GT exhaust; gasification of coal with pre-combustion CO2 capture followed by combustion of low carbon fuel in a GT; and oxyfuel technology, or combustion of gas with oxygen rather than air. The current status of each technology is described and possible future developments are considered.
The technical issues involved in both CCS equipped new-build thermal plant and retrofit of CCS to existing and future thermal plant are described, including both space requirements and design implications. The meaning of Carbon Capture Ready is discussed and the impacts of the new EU and UK consenting regime for thermal plant are presented.
The impact of the different types of CCS on operation of CCGT and SCGT is discussed.
The cost of power generation from thermal plant fitted with CCS is presented in comparison with other power generation options.
The paper also includes a discussion of possible developments in the future CCS industry, including transportation and storage networks.
Volume 14 Issue 1 (March 2010) – Paper 573
Biomass – going that extra mile!
A McMurtrie, AIM Energy Ltd
Biomass is seen as being an important renewable energy resource and a key component in helping to deliver the Government’s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets as set out in the Climate Change Act 2008, ie a 34% reduction in the UK’s net carbon account by 2020, rising to 80% by 2050 (versus a 1990 baseline) and, the UK’s target under EU legislation to produce 15% of its energy requirement from renewable sources by 2020.
This article primarily refers to combustible biomass material typically categorised as ‘plant biomass’, although many of the challenges faced with utilising this fuel source equally apply to other biomass materials. To date, viable, medium sized industrial and commercial scale biomass has proven challenging to implement due to the added complexity and cost, versus say traditional fossil fuel heat/steam production, power or CHP plant. Increased complexity typically arises out of fuel; its availability, storage and handling, the physical plant size and duty, environmental compliance, capital cost, etc. This has meant that the number of developments delivered to date has fallen short of what might have been expected.
This paper seeks to outline some of the key challenges and considerations to be addressed in assessing whether biomass offers a sustainable and viable option to companies and in doing so may offer some insight into why many organisations in the UK have so far rejected or ‘parked’ a potential biomass solution. However, whilst highlighting these challenges, I also hope that some additional guidance may allow interested parties to also consider the ‘positives’ and thus encourage them to give some serious thought to the opportunity that biomass may have to offer them in their specific situation.
Volume 13 Issue 5 (December 2009) – Paper 572
Product Development and test program for aggressive gas engines
V Carey, K Tellier, G Delafargue and D Squirrell, Exxon Mobil
Engine designs, operating conditions, and environmental factors place increasingly higher demands on lubricants for all gas engines, but even more so those operating on the aggressive gas applications associated with sewage and landfill gases. This paper will focus on the product developed specifically for such applications, and where the fuel contains high amounts of silicon along with other contaminants, presenting an especially difficult lubricating environment.
Increased engine reliability, extended time between engine overhauls, and reduced operating costs were the primary objectives of the development program. This paper will cover general aspects of the laboratory development program and present documentation on the excellent field performance achieved.
Volume 13 Issue 3 (September 2009) – Paper 571
Industry-University collaboration: a case study between Manx Electricity Authority and Cranfield University
Y G Li, P Pilidis and E Tsoutsanis, Cranfield University and M Newby, Manx Electricity Authority
In the volatile energy market effective use of the available technological, energy and financial resources is now, more than ever, highly pursued. In a combined cycle power plant, gas turbines are the prime mover of power generation. Therefore, detailed understanding and monitoring of gas turbine performance, health condition and associated costs have a deep impact on the decision making process concerning the plant’s operational and maintenance strategy.
In this context, research collaboration between Manx Electricity Authority (MEA) and Cranfield University has been carried out since 2001 and a series of technologies and software have been and are still being developed at Cranfield University and some of them have been integrated into MEA’s Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant in Pulrose, Isle of Man. During this constructive and successful collaboration period, the University has been fortunate to acknowledge the industrial needs and make significant academic contributions through ongoing research projects jointly supported by both MEA and EPSRC. On the other hand, MEA has valued the complexity of asset management concerning the gas turbine and the combined cycle, therefore enhancing its trading and operational capabilities through the application of developed performance, diagnostic, trading and economic analysis software.
This paper presents the main framework of this collaboration by emphasising the research undertaken on the gas turbine performance simulation and diagnostics, combined cycle performance analysis, trading and economic analysis to support MEA in their decision making process.
Volume 13 Issue 4 (November 2009) – Paper 570
Operational Report 2009
Compiled by Tom Woodford, Guernsey Electricity
Volume 13 Issue 2 (June 2009) – Paper 568
Barking Power Station generator core failure and repair process
G Smith, Thames Power Services
Core failures on running turbo-generators are rare, however when such failures occur they are often sudden and usually lead to major equipment damage which will need significant specialist engineering to repair. Repair durations can be lengthy and arduous which often relate to substantial loss of revenue for the business. This paper discusses the tools available to carry out the diagnosis and subsequent cause of the fault and the Engineering and risk management processes adopted to return the generator unit back to reliable service in the shortest possible time.
Volume 13 Issue 1 (March 2009) – Paper 567
The Tri-O-Gen Organic Rankine Cycle: Development and perspectives
J P van Buijtenen, TriO-Gen BV
The principle of the ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) is well known already for decades. However, most of the present ORC-plants are based on conventional turbine technology, which includes shaft seals, a reduction gear and a lubricating oil system. A new turbo-generator concept has been developed, using Toluene as a working fluid and lubricant. This concept allows a completely hermetic design, with no need for shaft seals or a separate lubrication system. Toluene is a combustible solvent, but it has a high thermal stability and is not marked as poisonous.
The ORC process demands a very high expansion ratio, at moderate turbine inlet temperature. A standard 175 kW (gross power) unit is able to run at optimum speed for turbine and pump on the same shaft as the high-speed generator.
This paper will describe the novel turbo-generator as well as the total packaged system, as it recently has been introduced on the market.
Volume 12 Issue 5 (December 2008) – Paper 566
The power and control systems design for the UK future aircraft carrier
Lt Roy Casson, Colin English, Simon Newman and Lt Cmdr Ian Timbrell
At 65,000 tonnes the Future Carrier (CVF) represents a step change in British force projection capability, with the ability to embark more than 30 aircraft of various types to undertake a range of differing roles. Behind such a ship there must be a generating capability that is able to provide large amounts of power for both the ship’s propulsion and services, rapidly, reliably and economically. An Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) system has been selected as the most suitable for this task.
At the heart of this system are two MT30 Gas Turbine Alternators (GTAs), each capable of producing 35MW of electrical power to propel the ship at high speeds. This speed is necessary to launch advanced fighter aircraft and helicopters to enable this modern capital ship to perform a multitude of tasks. A variety of challenges are currently being faced to integrate these large GTAs into a power and propulsion system that also features Diesel Generators (DGs), power electronic converters and Advanced Induction Motors (AIMs). Solutions to these issues are being developed by the Aircraft Carrier Alliance (ACA), which is responsible for procuring the ship, working closely with the MoD and the engine manufacturer to provide a robust, reliable and responsive power source that is fully integrated with the propulsion system.
Volume 12 Issue 4 (November 2008) – Paper 565
Operational Report 2008
The demands of a new running regime for slow-speed diesel engines
Tom Woodford, Guernsey Electricity Ltd
Since the island of Guernsey became electrically connected to mainland France in 2000, a significant, yet highly variable, proportion of the island’s electricity demand has been imported through the submarine cable interconnector. The existing power plant on the island, comprising five slow-speed diesel generators, has subsequently been required to provide only the remaining proportion of the island’s electricity demand. This change of operating duty, from base load to intermittent and peak lopping duties, was widely anticipated to create operating difficulties for the engines, since these are duty cycles for which the engines are unsuited.
This paper examines some of the issues associated with operating the slow speed engines over recent years, describes some of the particular and unusual problems encountered, and the steps taken to overcome them. The paper concludes with a look forward at the continuing operation of the engines, and the uncertainty surrounding their life expectancy.
Volume 12 Issue 3 (September 2008) – Paper 564
The management of variability and intermittency of electrical power supply
Dave Andrews, Consultant
This paper outlines how Wessex Water utilises its multiple small-diesel generation capacity within the framework of the electricity trading market of the UK set-up to manage intermittency and variability of supply. The paper demonstrates how these existing mechanisms could readily accommodate the variability and intermittency of large-scale renewable energy supplies.
Volume 12 Issue 2 (June 2008) – Paper 563
Low container ship speed facilitated by versatile ME/ME-C engines
MAN Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
Recently, fuel oil prices have risen to unprecedented levels, bringing fuel oil consumption of diesel engines more into focus than for a long time. At the same time, exhaust gas emissions in general and CO2 emission in particular are top priorities.
Volume 12 Issue 2 (June 2008)
The use of di-methyl-ether as alternative fuel in gas turbines for power generation
Alva A Shortt, Bateman Power & Energy
In the last fifteen years large heavy-duty gas turbine plant for power generation has been the technology of choice for the electric industry world-wide. For peak load power generation, distillate fuel oil can be used but this reduces the environmental performance of the gas turbine compared to natural gas as well as increasing the cost of maintenance.
Di-Methyl-Ether (DME) can be synthesised from methanol or directly from synthesis gas and has been used to power converted compression ignition engines. Various schemes have been proposed for large scale DME production using natural gas, coal or biomass as a feedstock.
A multi-cluster gas turbine burner has recently been developed which addresses the problems of flashback and spontaneous combustion experience when firing DME in standard or Dry Low NOx burners. The DME Burner shows promising combustion efficiency and dynamic pressure performance and is capable of meeting a NOx emission limit of less than 25ppm NOx @15% O2.
The objective of this report is to verify whether DME is a clean, renewable and economic alternative fuel that could be viably used in a simple cycle gas turbine power plant to generate peaking electricity.
Volume 12 Issue 1 (March 2008) – Paper 562
Gaseous and particulate emissions control from stationary engines and turbines
Tim J Benstead & Christoph M Heinisch, Johnson Mathey Catalysts
Ever tightening legislative controls on transport emissions mean that the relative impact of air pollution from stationary sources such as chemical plants, industrial processes and heat and power generation applications, is now more significant than ever.
The exhaust from stationary reciprocating engines and gas turbines contains a cocktail of harmful gaseous pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and hazardous air pollutants (HAP). Together with emissions of particulate matter (PM), if not controlled, they can lead to major health problems and contribute significantly to climate change and environmental pollution.
Today, a veritable toolbox of pre- and post-treatment techniques is available to engine designers and engineers to control emissions from stationary engines and turbines. With a proven track record of reliability and success, catalytic and filter-based after-treatment technologies represent one of the practical and most cost-effective options.
This paper profiles a number of case studies illustrating the range of state-of-the-art catalyst and filter-based technologies available to engineers and environmental managers to control NOx, PM, CO and/or HC present in the exhaust of gas turbines and stationary internal combustion engines.